David Snape asked:


Hepatitis B remains one of those scary terms that you occasionally hear health care professionals use. You also hear about this somewhat mysterious disease in the media from time to time. But just what is Hepatitis B and what should we know about it?

Hepatitis B is a DNA virus that can be found in the blood. It attacks the liver. A name you may run across is HBV, which is short for Hepatitis B Virus. The term, hepatitis, means inflammation of the liver.

What is important to know when considering how HBV is spread is that, as far as we know, it is transmitted mainly via blood contact. To be a little more specific, infection can occur when the blood from an infected person enters the body. Other body fluids can also contain HBV, but usually in much lower concentrations. It is possible to receive HBV via a bite from an infected person. It is suspected that the sharing of toothbrushes or razors might allow for an infection to be contracted.

HBV is also a sexually transmitted disease. The usual increased risk factors for other sexually transmitted diseases apply here as well. For example, promiscuous and homosexual behavior may increase the chances for infection.

People who are hemophiliacs are also at higher risk as well as those who live with a person who has a chronic HBV infection. Having a job that involves contact with blood can also put you at increased risk for obvious reasons. Drug use is another risk factor.

It is possible for your body to fight off an HBV infection. If that happens you will be free of the virus and you will eventually not even test positive for the HBV surface antigen in your blood. An antigen is simply defined as a substance that causes the production of antibodies. And antibodies are those proteins that are used by your body to get rid of antigens. You might have guessed that a blood test can show if a person is suffering from a HBV infection.

Some peoples’ bodies do not fight the infection off completely and they suffer from chronic hepatitis. The virus remains in the body for the long term. This type of person can infect others. Currently, it is estimated that 1.25 million people in the United States suffer from a chronic Hepatitis B infection.

There are vaccines to help prevent a HBV infection and there are drugs that can be used to fight an infection. Interestingly enough, a vaccine can be useful after a possible HBV infection to help prevent the disease from developing. Check with your doctor to get current recommendations on HBV vaccinations.

Often times a Hepatitis B infection can pass without the person even being aware that they had it. Sometimes there are no symptoms. There can also be symptoms ranging from very minor to very serious. On relatively rare occasions, a Hepatitis B infection can cause death, though this happens to a very small percentage of infected individuals.

This article is for information purposes only and is not meant to diagnose, treat, or prevent any health condition. Seek the advice of a qualified medical professional if you have or think you might have any health condition, including Hepatitis B.

David Snape is the author of What You Should Know about Gum Disease - an important book considering that the majority of adults suffer from some form of gum disease. David also answers questions on any health, fitness or wellness topic at his blog: http://tobeinformed.com . David believes in oral irrigation to help fight against gum disease and that the premiere oral irrigation device on the market is the Hydro Floss Oral Irrigator

Disclaimer: This article is for information purposes. It does not intend to provide advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you have or think you have an oral health problem, visit a periodontist for advice, diagnosis and treatment. The USFDA has not evaluated any statements about products in this article.



Give Me The Steps Of CPR

James S. Pendergraft asked:


Hepatitis C is an infection which is passed on through blood. It even transfers due to partaking of spoons, tainted needles and sieves used to infuse street drugs.

Causes of Hepatitis C:

Passing on of Hepatitis C from the mother to the baby, there is a possibility of the infection been passed on from the mother who suffers from Hepatitis C to be passed on to the newborn, but in this case the chances are very few. Sharing of razors, toothbrushes and scissors: there are chances of hepatitis C being transferred by the sharing of these things and also unsterilized body piercing or tattooing equipment.

In case you have received any blood donated before the September of the year 1991 as the blood which was donated at that time was hepatitis C positive and people have been diagnosed by hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C can also be transmitted through bodily fluids. This is possible in case of sexual intercourse, the risk in this case is perpetual, in case you fear that either of you could be diagnosed by hepatitis C it is advisable to get it verified. There are chances of hepatitis C being positive in case you get punctured accidentally by a needle. Abroad blood transfusions are common, in case the equipment is not well sterilized well; there are chances of hepatitis C being transferred. But hepatitis C is not transmitted by coming in contact with people, like by kissing, sharing of utensils, hugging and from toilet seats.

Symptoms of Hepatitis C:

Commonly people are not affected by the disease initially. There are chances that symptoms like flu, pain in the joints, fatigue, appetite going down and also vomiting sensation may be experienced, all this after about a week of being infected. In about one out of five cases that are diagnosed with hepatitis C, the immune system would resolve the virus from the system in about six months.

However, in some cases of chronic hepatitis C, the virus is active for many years; and even then there are no indications for years together. Although there are no symptoms, the virus can be transmitted by them to others. In a few cases the liver of the sufferer is not affected and he or she is living a normal life. But in chronic cases, there is damage to the liver and the symptoms are, tiredness, loss of weight, liver pain, aching muscles, nausea and jaundice in which the skin and the white part of the eye turns yellow in color.

Treatments of Hepatitis C:

There is no vaccine made till date in order to help you stay against or even recover from hepatitis C. But there are treatments which help in clearing the virus. The treatment for hepatitis C is an amalgamation of two drugs, ribavirin and interferon. In case the treatment doesn’t clean up the virus, it at least slows down the damage and inflammation in the liver. The medications which are given for hepatitis C cause a lot of side effects.



Battery Back Up Sump Pumps

anonymous asked:


Hepatitis C is a stealthy virus that mutates while hiding in liver cells and other organ cells like the spleen and gall bladder. The fact that the viral cells “hide” makes it very difficult for the body’s immune system to eradicate it. Hepatitis C is a slowly progressing disease sometimes taking many years until symptoms are noticeable. It is at this point that the virus has reached advanced chronic stage and becomes difficult to eradicate. Hepatitis C results in 8,000 to 10,000 deaths annually. Hepatitis C is also the leading cause of liver transplants in the U.S.

Hepatitis C infection is caused by blood contact with someone who has the virus infection himself. The transmission of the virus can occur by illicit drug use with needles, sharing toothbrushes or razors with an infected person, by sexual means, by unsanitary tattooing or by exposure to blood at your workplace (like a hospital or blood bank). Some HCV infection may have been caused by receiving blood from a transfusion prior to 1992.

Hepatitis C is diagnosed via a blood test. Usually, the first thing that is noticed is that the liver enzyme levels for ALT and AST are elevated well above normal levels. Further investigation via HCV-RNA testing identifies whether the Hepatitis C virus is in your blood or not. Other tests for HCV include qualitative viral load tests, which measure the RNA particles in your blood. If you are being treated for HCV, your doctor is probably using either a HCV-RNA or viral load test to determine the effectiveness of the treatment.

The symptoms of Hepatitis C infection often do not occur in a person until 20 years after he/she had been infected. Since the HCV infects the liver and the liver is the organ in the body that makes all the energy for our daily activities possible, liver function deterioration often results in fatigue. Fatigue is the primary complaint or symptom of HCV infection. Other more severe symptoms are jaundice (yellowing of the skin/eyes), bile retention (which can cause jaundice), portal vein hypertension, skin rashes and itching, and autoimmune problems resulting from your body’s immune system attacking normal cells.

Long term HCV infection may result in fibrosis or even cirrhosis of the liver. Fibrosis results from unchecked liver inflammation. As the HCV infection progresses, the damage to the liver results in scarring or hardening of the liver cells (fibrosis). Long term fibrosis may lead to cirrhosis which is when the scarring from fibrosis overtakes the normal liver cell structure causing deformity and loss of function in the liver. About 15%-20% of HCV patients end up with cirrhosis. A liver biopsy is currently the most accurate means of determining the amount of inflammation and fibrosis the liver has sustained.

Hepatitis C progression in the body can take several years or even decades to come to chronic stage or to a stage where severe liver damage is evident. This period of time allows a person to determine how to properly treat the disease and to decide on a course of disease management. Currently, the main treatment for HCV infection to eradicate the virus is combo alpha-interferon and Ribavirin. Sometimes a doctor may prescribe interferon alone. Interferon comes in standard form or in pegylated form. Standard form interferon is administered 3 times per week, while the pegylated form is administered only once per week. Your body makes its own interferon, which is a protein that fights viral infection and viral replication.

Hepatitis C may often be managed by taking herbal and vitamin supplements that help your body fight infection and limit inflammation. These supplements help your liver with the inflammation and give it the nutrients it needs to regenerate healthy new cells. Your doctor can recommend alternative or adjunct solutions you may want to try.

Proper treatment of the disease, a healthy and active lifestyle, a good diet, abstinence from alcohol and stress management are important factors in controlling Hepatitis C progression.



How To Choose The Perfect Fireplace

my sword my trade! asked:


What the odds of drinking after someone who has hepatitis?
what are the odds of getting hepatitis after drinking after them? please describe all the hepatitis?a,b,c?

should someone who did drink after someone with hepatitis should they get tested?

Kitchen Cabinet Organizers

lalaghulamrasool bhurgri asked:




PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES IN NON-HCV AND HBV IN OUR POPULATION:

Authors:DRghulamrasoolbhurgri,shamim-ur-rehman,bilawal, anisrehman.

SUMMARY:

Liver diseases are damaged the function of hapetocytes, it may causes hepatocellular necrosis, fibrosis, and regeneration with nodule formation.

In our study there was a group of patients who is negative for both viral markers, there were more females that have chronic liver disease. This group need to the investigated further for other well defined but uncommon causes of chronic liver disease.

Key words: hepatitis, liver disease, chronic liver disease, hepatitis C virus, hepatitisB virus, cirrohosis.





INTRODUCTION:



Chronic liver disease in which liver damage slowly by process and persisting over long time.It means it act as slow poison for healthy human body. It is characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules (lumps that occurs as a result of a process inwhich damage tissue is regenerated.It is already to progressive loss of liver function-cirrhosis is due to alcoholism, but in our population it is prohibited by people due religion, poverty and customs society, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B virus are main role this dangerous disease in our population.

BASIC STRUCTURE OF LIVER:

“Liver is the largest gland in the body weighing about 1.4 k.g in an adult. It is situated under diaphragm in the upper abdomen cavity and is held in place by several ligaments.It is reddish-brown colour and comprise of four anatomical lobes.When viewed from the front the dominant left and right lobes can be seen which are separated by falciform ligament.Situated in a depression on the posterior surface of the liver in the gall bladder, a pear shaped sac which stores bile synthesis by the liver.The liver performs many metabolic functions. It has ability to store and metabolites useful substances such as nutrients,but it breakdown or detoxifying harmful substances to render then inert and less harmful”(Dr.viva Rolfe 2004)

“Liver weighing roughly 1.2-1.6 k.g performs many of the functions necessary for staying healthy. It is located in the right side of the body under the lower ribs and is divided into four lobes of unequal size. Two large vessels carry blood to the liver, the hepatic artery comes from heart and carries blood rich in nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. These vessels divided into smaller and smaller vessels, ending in capillaries. Each lobule is composed of hepatocytes, add, and remove substance from it. The blood then leaves the liver via the hepatic vein, returned to the heart, and is ready to be pumped to the rest of the blood.

Among the most important liver functions are,



Removing and excreting body waste and hormones as well as drugs and foreign substances.

Synthesizing plasma proteins, including those necessary for blood clotting,12 clotting factors are produced by the liver.

Producing immune factors and removing bacteria helping body fight against infection.

Producing bile to acid digestion.

Excretion of bilurobin

Storing certain vitamins, minerals, and sugars.”(Tzanakakis et al 2000)



“Liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. It plays a major in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body including detoxification, glucagon storage and plasma proteins sythesis.I t also produces bile, which is important for digestion. It also starts in hepato or hepatic from Greek word for liver, hepar. Hepatocytes play main role in.



Liver produces and excretes bile required for food, some of the drain directly into duodenum and some stored in gallbladder.

Glyconeogensis (formation of glucose from certain aminoacid lactate or glycerol).

Glyucogenolysis (the formation of glycogen from glucose).

Breakdown of insulin and other hormones.

Lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, production of triglycerides.

Liver produces coagulation factor, 1(fibrinogen) 11 (prothrombin) v, vii.ix, xi, as well as protein c and proteins and antithrombin.

Liver converts ammonia into urea.”(spiritus2005).



PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LIVER:

“Liver functions: HEMOSTASISè glucose, protein, fat, cholesterol, hormones, vitamins, in particular fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

SYNTHESISè protein including clotting factors, bile acids, heparin, somatomedins, promote growth hormones, cholesterol and acute phase of proteins.

STORAGEè vitamins, glycogen, cholesterol. Iron, copper, fats.

EXCRETIONè cholesterol, bile acids, phopholipds, bilurobin, drugs, poison including heavy metals, hormones.

FILTERINGè poisons, nutrients, Iga, drugs, dead damage cells in circulatory system.

IMMUNEè excretes Iga into digestive tract kupffer cells (macrophages) filter out antigens.” (Liver foundations-2002).

“The liver is vulnerable to a wide of variety of metabolic, toxin, microbial, circulatory and neoplastic insults. The dominant primary diseases of the liver are viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. More often, hepatic damage is secondary, to some of the most common diseases in humans, such as cardiac decompensation, disseminated cancer and extrahepatic function. There are following morphological changes in liver:



Degeneration and intracellular accumulation damage from toxin or immunologic insult may cause swelling of hepatocytes.

Necrosis and aptosis, any significant insult to the liver can cause hepatocytes necrosis, in aptosis cell death isolated hepatocytes round up to form shrunken, pykinolic, and intensity esinophilic cells containing fragmented nuclie.

Inflammation –injury to the liver associated with an influx of acute and chronic inflammatory cells is termed hepatitis.

Regeneration hepatocytes have long life spans and they proliferate in response to tissue resection or cell death.

Fibrosis –fibrous tissue is formed in response to inflammation or direct to toxic insult to the liver, fibrosis points toward generally irreversible hepatic damage(kumar,abbas,et al 2004)



ETIOLOGY OF LIVER DISEASE.

“There are following main causes of liver diseases,Hepatitis virus A,B,C,D,E. Epstein-Barvirus,cytomegalovirus,yellowfever virus.Non-viral infection:leptospira, toxoplasma gendi,q fever,Poison-aflatoxin, carbantetrachloride, mushrooms, Drugs- paracetamol ,halothane, alcohal, pergnancy,shock, wilson disease.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:

SYMPTOMS:anorexia, malaise,fever,jaundice, right abdomenal pain,hepatomegaly, gynicomastacia, pruritus,hematamesis, confusions,

SIGNS: jaundice, hepatomegaly, pale stool, dark colored urine, palmer erythrema, clubbing, jaundice, spleenomegaly testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, with other complications- colateralveins peripheral edema, ascites.”(Davidson-2004)

COMMON LABS:TESTS FOR LIVER DISEASES:

“The diagnosis of liver diseases depends upon a combination of history, physical examination,labortary testing and sometime radiological studies and biopsy.



Alanine aminotranferase: ALT is enzyme produced In hepatocytes, the major cell type in the liver. All types of hepatitis (viral, alcoholic, drug induced etc) cause hepatocyte damage that can lead to elevation in the serum ALT activity.

Aspartate aminotransferase: AST similar to ALT but less specific for liver disease as it is also produced in muscle and can be elevated in other condition (heart attack). Alcoholic hepatitis and viral hepatitis may it.

Alkaline phosphatase: It is an enzyme, produced in bileducts, intestine, kidneys, placenta and bone.It is elevated in case chronic liver diseases.

Gamma glutamyl tranferase: It is an enzyme produced in bile duct, in alcohalism and biliary disease it is elevated.

Bilurobin: Bilurobin is the major breakdown that results from the destruction of old blood cells.It is removed from the body by the liver, chemically modified by process call conjugation, secreted into bile passed into intestine and some extent reabsorbed by intestine.In chronic liver disease, acquired liver diseases, the serum biliurobin is elevated.

Albumin:Many factors necessary for blood clotting are made in liver. When liver function is impaired, their synthesis and secretion into blood is decreased.In chronic liver disease, it highly elevated.

Platelets count: These are smallest blood cells in liver disease, spleen becomes large, blood flow through liver is impaired platlets are fallen from normal.

Serum protein electrophoresis: In cirrohosis, the albumin may decreased and the gamma- globulin can be significantly elevated.”(Howard,J.Worman 1998).



METHOD;

One hundred patient diagnosed as chronic liver disease,from which 35 patients were enrolled in this study protocol,after consent,after screening, duration of study was between 2005-2006, admitted in NonHCV,HBV, liver cirrhotic disease ward, in Muammad Medical College Hospital,

AIM AND OBJECTIVE OTHIS STUDY:

To evaluated the causes of liver diseases without virus,because liver was deterioate in its function due to HCV,and HBV,it was common concept in our community.No doubt it was still a big danger for our population.

RESULTS:

These results were analytic by help of spss from which frequecies of each group were describer as follw:

Mean of reseach found in graphs

Summary of study and corelation of each group were analised very well.

BIOSTATISTICS ANALYSIS:



Frequencies:





















Correlation





Descriptive Statistics



Mean

Std. Deviation

N

Total number of patients

41.1100

12.10467

100

Total number of liver cirrhotic patients

40.6000

11.50499

35

Total male patients

29.8000

5.62139

15

Total female patients

48.7000

7.24097

20



Correlation



Total number of patients

Total number of liver cirrhotic patients

Total male patients

Total female patients

Total number of patients

Pearson Correlation

1

1.000(**)

.998(**)

.526(*)

Sig. (2-tailed)

.

.000

.000

.017

N

100

35

15

20

Total number of liver cirrhotic patients

Pearson Correlation

1.000(**)

1

1.000(**)

.525(*)

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

.

.

.018

N

35

35

15

20

Total male patients

Pearson Correlation

.998(**)

1.000(**)

1

.883(**)

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

.

.

.000

N

15

15

15

15

Total female patients

Pearson Correlation

.526(*)

.525(*)

.883(**)

1

Sig. (2-tailed)

.017

.018

.000

.

N

20

20

15

20

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

DISCUSSION:

In this prospective study, there were certain points for consideration that what causes of females affected more by liver disease as compared male.This study showed females were more,interpreted by graphs and charts.

Chronic liver disease is marked by gradual destruction of liver tissue overtime.It is seventh leading cause of death in United States, according to National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidneys disease becaudse of chronic damage to the liver, scar tissue slowly replaces normal functioning liver tissue, as the normal liver is lost, nutrients, hormones, drugs, and poisons,are not processed effectively by the liver. In addition, protein production and other substances produced by the liver are inhibited.

“obesity is not associated with nonalcohlic fatty liver disease but it also adversely affects the progression of other liver disease.Specific directly interventions should focus on decreasing intake of low-nutrient and high sodium food, as wellas high fat sources of meat/ protein”(kimech et al 2008)

“our study match with the study of the klad chareon et al(2004) in which they aimed to determine the prevalences on non alcohalic steatohepatitis in thai patients with non HBV,HCV,chronic hepatitis. Forty six patients with negative markers of viral hepatitis B and viral hepatitis C and non alcohalic consumption were enrolled.just in our study we enrolled 100liver cirrhotic patients from which we selected non alcohalic and non HBV,HCV.They informed consent for liver biopsy and blood collecting to identify the etiological of chronic hepatitis was performed.Thai patients wth non alcolic,non HBV,HCV,chronic hepatitis with obesity,diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia”(kladchareonN,et al 2004)

“This study match with the study of the Omagrik et al 1996 ,They discovered of hepatitis c virus (HCV) has enabled the diagnosis of type c chronic liver disease, which had the past been diagnosed as part of non-A,non-B,chronic liver disease. Although most cases with chronic liver were by hepatitis B,C there are stillcases of non B,C,chronic liver disease.Forty two patients with chronic liver disease who were seronegative hepatitis B,Cwere followed in the study for treatment.The yearly incidence hepatocellular carcinoma 9.3% with liver cirrohosis and 3.9% of chronic hepatitis.This suggested that their population sample contained a number of patients with type B,typeC or other etiological agents.Our study suggested that more detialed and accurate tests of detecting HBV andHCV should be considered before maing diagnosis o non B,nonC chronic liver disease that there was need to revial unknown etiological agents.

REFERENCES:



Omagarik,komatsuk,katoy,1996 “clinical manifestation of non HBV,HCV chronic liver disease” Internal medicine 1996,vol35,600-604.

Kladchareon N, Treepraserkstut,Mahachai 2004,prevalences of nonalcolic steatohepatitis in Thai patients with non HBV,HCV chronic hepatitis”Jmed Assoc Thai2004 sep87 suppl 2:s29-34.

Kimch, kallman, Baiec et al 2008 “nutritional assessments of patients with non alcolic fatty liver disease” obes, surg jun 17.

Liver foundation trust 2002-liver is a vital organ of body,www.liver foundation.org.html.

Kumar,abbas, fausto”the liver”basis pathology of disease 7th edition 2004.

Howard. J.Warman 1998 ‘common labortary test in liver disease.

Dr vivaRolf 2004 “anatomy of liver” school of nursing and accademic division of midwifery university of Nottingham.

Tzankakis et al “liver assist-device” annual review medical engineering 2000-607-632.

Spiritus 2005 function of liver;spiritus-temporis.com.

Haslett,chilver, collenge hunter Davidson’s “princal and practic of medicine’the liver” 2004 19th edition churchil living stone,edinberg.





12 Volt Sump Pump

Ne-Ne asked:


I hugged someone tonight who had Hepatitis C and my mouth came in contact with his hair when we hugged.

Vinyl Log Siding